Attribute Selection Editor (Graphic Interface)


Eligible Attribute Numbers

Eligible attribute numbers are 1-50 [1-100]. The graphics key pad on the upper left of the screen is used to display units having an attribute number. Ten attribute box numbers are displayed at a time on the graphics key pad. Activating the "+" box accesses the next ten attribute numbers. Activating the "-" box accesses the previous ten attribute numbers.

To View Unit Attributes

To view which units have a specific attribute number, select the attribute number on the graphics key pad on the upper left using the mouse and click it on using the left key on the mouse pad.

To Modify or Add Attributes

To give additional units a specific attribute number, select the attribute number on the graphics key pad, and either add individual units "By Hand" or groups of units "By Region" using the mouse.

The choice of mode "By Hand" or "By Region" is made by moving the mouse cursor to the appropriate box and activating it by pressing the left key of the mouse.

By Hand -- Add individual units by moving the mouse cursor to the individual unit and pressing the left key of the mouse. You should see the color of the unit change, or at least the name of the unit in the lower right part of the screen.

By Region -- Add a group of units by moving the cursor to left of the group you want to identify. Then press down the left key of the mouse, hold it down, and move the cursor to the lower right of the group you want to identify. Then release the left key of the mouse. Notice that once you have released the left key of the mouse the rectangle you have defined is free to move around the screen. When you have desired polygons within the "box" then double-click the LEFT button of the mouse to complete the process.

Note-- If you are ever trapped in the attribute editor while in the "By Region" mode and cannot regain control of the cursor, press the ESC key or double-click the right mouse button.

The box on the lower left of the screen has three options: Select, Invert, and Reset. SELECT Mode is used to change unit status from blank to a color (attribute number). INVERT mode can be used as a short cut to attribute units by first identifying units you do not want to attribute and then inverting the colors. RESET mode can be used to erase the attributes from identified units.

 

ATTRIBUTE QUERIES

QUERY ATTR - Used to find out (a) which polygons either share a common group of attributes or (b) have one or more attributes of interest. To find out which polygons have one or more attributes, click on the QUERY ATTR box with the mouse and then type in the numbers or range of attribute numbers you are interested in.

Example: To find which polygons have attributes 1 or 2 or 3 or 12 or

some combination of them, type in 1-3,12 or 1,2,3,12.

Example: To find which polygons have both attributes 1 and 2, type

*1,*2 or *1-2.

Note that you can only do a strict AND/OR operation, you cannot do a (1 and 2) or 3 type query.

 

IDENTIFYING RIPARIAN ZONES

SNAP has options within the graphic Attribute Editor to identify riparian zones by stream characteristic and polygon attribute. Optionally, polygon areas can be stratified into riparian and non-riparian acres for use in analysis. In addition, proposed new or reconstructed roads falling within riparian zones can be flagged and avoided during analysis. These options are described below.

One major application for the riparian zone options is to permit examination and evaluation of alternative riparian strategies within SNAP. For example, to evaluate tradeoffs between riparian zones and upland reserves to meet wildlife habitat, various riparian zone specifications can be evaluated to see their contribution to forest structure requirements.

 

STREAMS - Used to toggle display of streams on or off.

Pop-up Menu with Example of a Stream Buffer Specification.

 

Example of Riparian Zones Specified in Previous Figure.

 

(The acres of riparian area on the planning area visible on the monitor and the total number of miles of stream in the entire planning area selected using the SHOW IT=Yes options are shown in the upper right corner.)

 

BUFF MENU

Used to access pop-up screen in order to specify and display buffer widths and optionally adjust polygon data and road data for riparian zones. The options on the pop-up window are described below.

LOAD CRIT

Used to recall a buffer zone strategy that has previously been saved.

SAVE CRIT

Used to save a buffer zone strategy.

CLR CRIT

Used to reset the buffer zone strategy in the pop-up box.

I.D. BUFF

Used to identify the amount of riparian zone in each polygon that is in the currently selected (orange) region. If ctivated the identification process is started. At the end of the identification process, the area of each polygon will be separated into a treatable non-riparian zone and a non-treatable riparian zone. The riparian zone will be grown forward under the NOCUT treatment during analysis and the non-riparian zone will be eligible for treatment as normal.

The riparian zone widths are specified by slope distance. The slopes from the stream segment data are used to calculate the horizontal projections for adjusted polygon acres. The riparian zone percent for each polygon can be seen within SNAP in the polygon editor (Project Filenames SF key Alt F2). The riparian zone identification process can be interrupted by pressing ESC. If this is done before scanning is completed, the program returns to the Attribute Editor and no polygon data has been changed.

If you are not sure if your data has been changed by an earlier run, you can press "R" from keyboard when you are in the Attribute Graphics Editor. Any polygons which change color have had their data adjusted for the riparian zones. Or, you can check the individual polygon in the polygon editor. The riparian acres for each polygon are also part of the optional tabular report UNITS (Option D.2 of the Report Writer). If you ever want to reset your data, specify zero riparian zone width for the entire region and ID BUFF again

Complex riparian zone strategies can be specified by combining stream class, polygon attributes, and the selected region in sequential passes. For example, Class 1 streams along high site polygons could be given one buffer while Class 1 streams along low site polygons could be given another buffer by first giving different attributes to the different site lands. Then, in the first pass, specify the high site buffer and ID BUFF polygons with the high site region selected. In the second pass, specify the low site buffer and ID BUFF polygons with the low site region selected. Remember, data is only changed for polygons in the elected (orange) region.

CHK ROAD

This option combines the ID BUFF function with an additional scan to check to see if any roads with either a construction or reconstruction status fall in the riparian zone. If SNAP finds any roads with either a construction or reconstruction status in the riparian zone it flags them and makes them invisible in the Link file so they are not available for Analysis. Roads flagged in this way can be unflagged by used the CLR ROAD option.

TOGGLE RD

Used to toggle roads on or off the graphics display.

CLR ROAD

Used to clear the flag from any roads flagged during a CHK ROAD scan.

EXIT

Used to exit from the pop-up menu.

 

ID BUFF ON SELECTED POLYGONS

This option is the same as the ID BUFF on the pop-up menu except that it identifies the buffers more slowly allowing you to see the scanned buffer zone within the polygon (shown in red) on the right image rather than only the overlaid buffer shown on the left image

An example of the ID BUFFER process with polygon T-106-HCC being scanned. Its riparian area is 8.0 acres (45.3 percent of its total area).

MISCELLANEOUS

DO CIRCLE

Used to identify the area within a specified radius. To use this option, activate the box, and then specify the desired radius. To remove the circle, repeat the process and specify a circle of 0 radius.

ZOOM IN

Used to shrink viewing area (make units larger)

ZOOM OUT

Used to make enlarge viewing area (make units smaller). To zoom out to original scale place cursor in orange bulls eye and click on left mouse button.

STICKS

Uses stick data to make polygon map.

POINTS

Uses point data to make polygon map.

UNIT NAMES

Displays unit names proportional to unit size. You may need to zoom in to read names.

ARROWS

Used to shift viewing area.

BULLS-EYE

Used to return to original scale.

REDRAW

Used to redraw map to reset is some features have been erased during specification of options.

EXIT MAP

Returns you to text editor.

 

Harvest System Editor

System Name/label

Up to 10 character label for harvest system.

System #

A user-defined harvest system integer code between 1 and 99.

Total $/MBF

The stump to truck cost per mbf gross. This value is used if the component stump to truck costs are not specified. It also has priority even if the components are specified.

Max EYD

The maximum external yarding distance, ft. This value is used in determining eligible harvesting systems in the landings editor.

Yarding $/MBF

The yarding cost per mbf gross.

Yarding coef

 

$/MBF/FT

This is an optional yarding cost coefficient which is used to multiplied by average yarding distance to determine the yarding cost. This result is added to the yarding $/mbf gross identified in the previous column to determine the total cost per mbf gross.

Other $/MBF

This column is used to specify any logging cost not covered under the other columns.

Silv Treatment Label

An alphanumeric label indicating which silvicultural treatments this harvest system is eligible for. The group label is defined using the F6 key to access the Group Members Editor. If this column is left blank it means that this harvest system can be used for all silvicultural treatments.

Special function keys

F1

Not used.

F2

Used to clear all current values and alphanumeric entries from editor.

F3

Used to access and load other .SYS files in the current directory.

F4

This key allows you to save the current file immediately with the option of changing the filename. If you change the filename, then you will be asked if you wish to update the project filenames (this effectively means "do you want this new file to be retrieved when you re-enter this editor at some later date").

F5

Used to make a hard copy of the .SYS file to the specified output device.

F6

Used to access the Group Members editor. This editor is shared with several other editors requiring group member definitions. Remember the group label takes its meaning from the column of the editor which calls it.

F7

Not used.

F8

Used to access the Landings Editor.

F9

Used to access the Sale Editor.

F10

Used to return to the Main Menu. If you have made any changes to your data then they will be saved to the current filename automatically as you return to the main menu. To leave without saving changes use ESC, not F10.

 

ALT F1

Used to find a value or alphanumeric entry in the column with the cursor. If you want to find the first blank space in the column below the present cursor location, press enter at the command.

ALT F2

Used to temporarily access the Definitions Editor to review code names and definitions.

ALT F3

Not used in this editor.

ALT F4

Used to sort all data using the column with the cursor as the key. You can sort either by ascending or descending order.

ALT F5

Used to copy lines between the specified beginning and ending line and inserts the copied lines beginning at the current cursor location.

ALT F6

Used to access a file utility which can be used to delete, view, and hide files.

ALT F7

Not used in this editor.

ALT F8

Jumps to the last line in the editor with a non-blank entry.

ALT F9

Used to fill in a column with a specified value or alphanumeric entry.

ALT F10

Used to access the help screen.

Landings Editor -- Menu

Mouse Commands

Use the left mouse button to activate mouse commands:

Harvest Systems Editor

Used to access the Harvest Systems editor. All information from the Landings editor is automatically stored as the Sale Editor is loaded.

Sale Editor

Used to access the Sale Editor. All information from the Landings editor is automatically stored as the Harvest Systems editor is loaded.

Other Map Options

Used to access map options in order to toggle between points or stick data, to show or hide unit and node labels, or to change between EGA and VGA resolution. The ESC key can also be used to exit this option.

Prev Unit

Used to access previous unit.

Next Unit

Used to access next unit.

Zoom In

Used to zoom in.

Zoom Out

Used to zoom out.

General Operation

1.

Select unit. This can be done by moving the mouse arrow into the unit, but not into a road node, and click on the unit with the left button of the mouse. Or, you can use the Prev Unit, Next Unit options.

2.

Zoom to include the landing nodes you are interested in.

3.

Move the cursor arrow to the landing node you want to designate.

4.

Click on the node with the left button of the mouse. The distance from all vertices of the unit to the landing will be calculated and the longest one will be designated as the EYD and displayed. The eligible harvesting systems with EYDs equal to or less than the calculated EYD will be displayed.

5.

Choose an eligible harvesting system by clicking on the harvest system with the mouse. Press ESC if you decide no to choose any harvest system.

6.

Identify up to two additional potential landings or move on to the next unit.

7.

To exit the landings editor, access the Harvest Systems Editor or Sale Editor, or you can press ESC.

8.

If you want to erase a logging system for a particular landing designation, move the mouse arrow to the landing node on the map and click it. The information will be erased.

Alternative Harvest Systems at the Same Node (SNAP III)

Sometimes you want to have the option of having different harvest systems access the same node, for example a small yarder for thinnings and a large yarder for regeneration harvest. To designate these combinations in SNAP III, return to the Harvest System editor and designate a special harvest system beginning with the reserved word "group-## " where ## is a two digit number. On that row, under the silvicultural treatments group label enter a group label and define that label in the Group Members Editor using the alternative harvest systems you want considered. SNAP will select the appropriate harvest system for the silvicultural treatment. If more than two of your alternative harvest systems are eligible to be used with the same silvicultural treatment, SNAP will choose the one with the lowest stump-to-truck cost. After you have completed the Harvest System entries, return to the Landings editor and click on the landing node as you normally do. You should now see the special harvest groups also appear. Select the harvest group you want.

Sale File Editor -- Column Definitions

The Sale File Editor has three rotating screens accessed by the F9 key or by moving your mouse cursor to the far right of the screen and clicking on the left button. The first screen summarizes the sale information to be used at Analysis time. The second screen provides details of unit volumes and quality premiums by species from the .UA file. The third screen provides details for silvicultural treatment and seral stage.

Screen 1: Sale Data Summary

 

Column Definitions

POLYGON UNIT NAME - Eleven character alphanumeric name for unit.

TIMBER ENTRY POINT - Eleven character alphanumeric name for node at which timber enters the road system.

Note: If a unit does not have a timber entry point designated then it will not be eligible for harvest but it will be eligible for a habitat connection depending upon its initial seral stage.

PROPOSED HARVEST SYSTEM

The code for the harvest system (1-99).

NUM ACRES

The number of acres in the unit. NO unit can have zero acres.

UNIT STAT

The status code of the unit. Status definitions are as follows:

 

-3 =Unit cannot be harvested in the third period, but can be harvested in the first or second periods.

.

-2 =Unit cannot be harvested in the second period

.

-1 =Unit cannot be harvested in the first period

.

0 =Unit can be harvested in any period

 

1 =Unit must be harvested in first period.

 

2 =Unit must be harvested in second period.

 

3 =Unit must be harvested in the third period.

 

4 =Unit must be harvested in the fourth period.

 

5 =Non-timbered unit for which you do not want any adjacent units to be harvested in the first period.

For example, this unit could be just recently harvested before this planning period began. Note, This could also have been accomplished by marking all adjacent units with -1.

 

9 =Non-timbered unit for which it is okay to harvest adjacent units in any period. This is eligible for a habitat connection depending upon its beginning seral stage, but is not eligible for harvest.

 

22 = Cannot be harvested until the second period

 

33 = Cannot be harvested until the third period

 

44 = Cannot be harvested until the fourth period.

 

99 = Timber unit not subject to adjacency, can go any period of the problem.

AYD

This is the average yarding distance to the timber entry point, ft. If you see the AYD is a negative number, it tells SNAP that you have brought it in through the .UA file and SNAP is not to recalculate it. SNAP will use always use the absolute value so do not worry about the calculations. The negative sign is only a flag.

OVERRIDE VAR COST

This column is used if you want to override the variable cost but you do not want to erase its original value calculated in the SNAP editors. This cost is in net $/mbf.

Other Column Headings Accessed Using F9 key

 Screen 2: Unit Volume and Quality Premium

 

UNIT VOLUME

The net mbf per acre for each species for the unit and the weighted total net mbf per acre for the unit.

QUALITY PREMIUM

The quality premium, in $/net mbf which a mill would pay for wood delivered to the mill gate above the base value given in the Mill Editor. It is a positive value used to recognize differences within species or species groups.

 

Other Column Headings Accessed Using F9 key

Screen 3: Silvicultural Data and Seral Stage

FIX CST

The fixed cost associated with harvesting the unit, in dollars. This can be landing cost, move-in cost, rigging cost, etc.

INITIAL SERAL STAGE

Current seral stage (1-40 SNAP II, 1-250 SNAP III).

POSSIBLE SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS

Alternative initial silvicultural treatments (1-40). Maximum of 3. SNAP will try to implement the alternatives in terms of highest present net worth.

H WIRE STATUS

Used to modify a pattern passed from the Report Writer (see Report Writer Miscellaneous Commands) The status codes passed from the Report Writer are period and treatment or a blank. You can modify this column and run the modified sale file if you have selected the H WIRED STATUS option in the General Setup Editor.

Special Function Keys

F1

Used to calculate variable and fixed costs for each unit.

F2

Used to clear all current values and alphanumeric entries from editor.

F3

Used to access and load other .SAF files in the current directory.

F4

This key allows you to save the current file immediately with the option of changing the filename. If you change the filename, then you will be asked if you wish to update the project filenames (this effectively means "do you want this new file to be retrieved when you re-enter this editor at some later date").

F5

Used to make a hard copy of the .SAF file to the specified output device.

F6

Not Used.

F7

Used to access the Harvest Systems editor.

F8

Used to access the Landings Editor.

F9

Used to access volumes by species and pond values for each unit, silvicultural data, seral stages and other data on the rotating 3-screen sale editor. Another, more convenient, method to wrap the display is to point the mouse into the very first or very last column of the screen (representing the direction you wish to wrap), and then to click the left button. The current sale screen 1/3, 2/3, or 3/3 is displayed in the title of the editor at the top of the screen.

F10

Used to return to the Main Menu. If you have made any changes to your data then they will be saved to the current filename automatically as you return to the main menu. To leave without saving changes use ESC, not F10.

 

ALT F1

Used to find a value or alphanumeric entry in the column with the cursor. If you want to find the first blank space in the column below the present cursor location, press enter at the command

ALT F2

Used to temporarily access the Definitions Editor to review code names and definitions.

ALT F3

Can be used to automatically specify the closet road entry point as the entry node with harvest costs calculated using the first available harvest system from the Harvest System Editor. CAREFUL!! This will erase all of your other landing information.

ALT F4

Used to sort all data using the column with the cursor as the key. You can sort either by ascending or descending order.

ALT F5

Used to copy lines between the specified beginning and ending line and inserts the copied lines beginning at the current cursor location.

ALT F6

Used to access a file utility which can be used to delete, view, and hide files.

ALT F7

Not used in this editor

ALT F8

Jumps to the last line in the editor with a non-blank entry.

ALT F9

Used to fill in a column with a specified value or alphanumeric entry.

ALT F10

Used to access the help screen.

 

Silvicultural Treatment Editor

Column Definitions:

PERIOD NUMBER

Not used.

PRESENT SERAL STAGE

Current seral stage (1-40 SNAP II, 1-250 SNAP III).

SILVICULTURAL TREATMENT

Silvicultural treatment (1-40). Treatment No. 10 is always the NOCUT treatment.

VOLUME CUT (%)

Percent of net volume cut if a stand entered in period I is in seral stage j and is assigned to treatment k.

VOLUME GROWTH (%)

Percent volume growth during next period. Volume growth, net volume/acre, is calculated by multiplying the percent volume growth by the net volume remaining after harvesting. Annual volume growth can be positive or negative. Cumulative growth is calculated by compounding annually. If more than one species is present, all species are grown using the same factor.

RESULTING SERAL STAGE

The seral stage the unit will be in at the next period if it is currently in seral stage j and is assigned to treatment k.

 

Special Function Keys

F2

Used to clear all current values and alphanumeric entries from editor.

F3

Used to access and load other .PRI files in the current directory.

F4

This key allows you to save the current file immediately with the option of changing the filename. If you change the filename, then you will be asked if you wish to update the project filenames (this effectively means "do you want this new file to be retrieved when you re-enter this editor at some later date").

F5

Used to make a hard copy of the .PRI file to the specified output device.

F8

Used to access the Silvicultural Prescription Editor.

F10

Used to return to the Main Menu. If you have made any changes to your data then they will be saved to the current filename automatically as you return to the main menu. To leave without saving changes use ESC, not F10.

 

ALT F1

Used to find a value or alphanumeric entry in the column with the cursor. If you want to find the first blank space in the column below the present cursor location, press enter at the command.

ALT F2

Used to temporarily access the Definitions Editor to review code names and definitions.

ALT F4

Used to sort all data using the column with the cursor as the key. You can sort either by ascending or descending order.

ALT F5

Used to copy lines between the specified beginning and ending line and inserts the copied lines beginning at the current cursor location.

ALT F6

Used to access a file utility which can be used to delete, view, and hide files.

ALT F8

Jumps to the last line in the editor with a non-blank entry.

ALT F9

Used to fill in a column with a specified value or alphanumeric entry.

ALT F10

Used to access the help screen.

 

Notes:

The Silvicultural Treatment editor has two objectives: (1) to describe how much to cut based upon the period, seral stage, and treatment and (2) to describe the successional state the forest will be in at the next period and what compounded annual growth will have occurred. Along with the Silvicultural Treatment editor a Silvicultural Prescription Editor is used to specify the prescription (aggregation of treatments over time) which will be set in motion if the initiating treatment occurs.

Seral stages are successional changes in a plant community over time as it moves toward maturity. They have specific vegetative characteristics which are important components of habitat diversity and can range from grass/forb to old growth. For example, the Siskiyou National Forest Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Land and Resource Management Plan describes seral stages as successional states as follows:

Grass/forb

0 - 3 years

Low shrub

4 - 10 years

Tall shrub

11 - 20 years

Pole/sapling

21 - 40 years

Young

41 - 100 years

Mature

101 - 200 years

Old growth

200 + years

Other National Forests are likely to have different groupings for seral stages. The important point is that regardless of the vegetative groupings, seral stages are dynamic because management activities, natural events like fire, and time can change seral stages from one stage to another. As an example, consider a timber harvest in an old growth seral stage. The result is that the seral stage changes from old growth to the pole/sapling seral stage. Over the next decade the seral stage grows into the young seral stage class. For another example consider that a thinning operation is not likely to change the seral stage although time might change it as the stand grows.

To use the Silvicultural Treatment Editor you have up to 30 [50] periods with up to 40 [250] possible seral stages and up to 40 possible treatments. For each period you identify a seral stage and a treatment that could possibly occur. If the treatment is used on the seral stage, the resulting seral stage will develop. The percentage of the total volume in the unit that is cut is entered by the user in this editor along with the annual percent volume growth per year to the next period.

 

Treatment 10 is a special treatment that identifies the annual growth rate and resulting seral stage is no cutting is done during that period.

You must be sure that the Silvicultural Treatment table contains the treatments that would be set into motion by the Silvicultural Prescription Editor.

 

CALCULATING GROWTH

Growth is modeled using the following rules:

(a) The volume for the unit is grown from time zero (now) until the middle of the period 1 using the annual percent volume growth compounded annually for treatment 10 for period 1 and the beginning seral stage for that unit. The seral stage at the beginning of period 2 will be the ending seral stage for treatment 10.

(b) If the unit is selected for harvest in period 1 the harvest is taken according to its treatment and seral stage. The growth to the middle of the next period is calculated using the annual percent growth compounded for the treatment implemented in period 1 applied to the net volume left after harvest. The seral stage at the beginning of period 2 will be the ending seral stage for the treatment implemented for period 1 after harvest.

(c) In the unit is not selected for harvest in period 1 the volume is grown to the middle of period 2 using the compounded annual percent volume growth for treatment 10 for period 1 and its seral stage. The seral stage at the beginning of period 2 will be the ending seral stage for treatment 10 for period 1.

(d) Rules b and c are carried forward each period.

 

REGENERATION VOLUMES

If a stand is regenerated following a 100 percent volume removal due to any treatment, the net volume which will exist at the middle of the first period after regeneration is specified by seral stage in the SERAL.RST file. This ASCII file is located in the SNAP directory. The restart volume is distributed among species in the same ratio as the previous rotation. The harvest costs are based upon gross volumes which use the net volumes divided by (1-Defect) where the defect factors are from the original stand data.

 

 

Silvicultural Prescription Editor

 

Column and Row definitions:

INIT SILVICULTURAL TREATMENT

Silvicultural treatment alternative to be applied in current period if the unit is selected for harvest.

SILV TREATMENT FOR FOLLOWUP PERIOD 1

The silvicultural treatment that is scheduled to be applied in next period if the unit was selected for harvest in the current period.

SILV TREATMENT FOR FOLLOWUP PERIOD 2

The silvicultural treatment that is scheduled to be applied in second period following the current period if the unit was selected for harvest in the current period.

SILV TREATMENT FOR FOLLOWUP PERIOD n

The silvicultural treatment that is scheduled to be applied in the nth period following the current period if the unit was selected for harvest in the current period.

 

Special Function Keys

F2

Used to clear all current values and alphanumeric entries from editor.

F3

Used to access and load other .PRI files in the current directory.

F4

This key allows you to save the current file immediately with the option of changing the filename. If you change the filename, then you will be asked if you wish to update the project filenames (this effectively means "do you want this new file to be retrieved when you re-enter this editor at some later date").

F5

Used to make a hard copy of the .PRI file to the specified output device.

F8

Used to access the Silvicultural Treatment Editor.

F10

Used to return to the Main Menu. If you have made any changes to your data then they will be saved to the current filename automatically as you return to the main menu. To leave without saving changes use ESC, not F10.

ALT F1

Used to find a value or alphanumeric entry in the column with the cursor. If you want to find the first blank space in the column below the present cursor location, press enter at the command.

ALT F2

Used to temporarily access the Definitions Editor to review code names and definitions.

ALT F4

Used to sort all data using the column with the cursor as the key. You can sort either by ascending or descending order.

ALT F5

Used to copy lines between the specified beginning and ending line and inserts the copied lines beginning at the current cursor location.

ALT F6

Used to access a file utility which can be used to delete, view, and hide files.

ALT F8

Jumps to the last line in the editor with a non-blank entry.

ALT F9

Used to fill in a column with a specified value or alphanumeric entry.

ALT F10

Used to access the help screen.